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  • CIFOR-ICRAF
    Check out cifor-icraf.org!

    The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR and World Agroforestry (ICRAF) joined forces in 2019, leveraging a combined 65 years’ experience in research on the role of forests and trees in solving critical global challenges.

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    World Agroforestry (ICRAF) is a centre of science and development excellence that harnesses the benefits of trees for people and the environment. Leveraging the world’s largest repository of agroforestry science and information, we develop knowledge practices, from farmers’ fields to the global sphere, to ensure food security and environmental sustainability.

     

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  • Research
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    Driven by our vision of a world where all people have viable livelihoods supported by healthy and productive landscapes, our global team of science, research, development, institutional and resource professionals seeks to better combine the science of discovery with the science of delivery. To realize this vision, we focus on four key interacting themes: By combining more productive trees with more resilient and profitable agricultural systems and a sounder understanding of the health of the soil, land and people that is part of ‘greener’, better governed landscapes, we offer valuable and timely knowledge products and services to the global community as it tackles the major challenges of the Anthropocene. These include dealing with climate change; low soil carbon; widespread forest, tree and soil loss leading to degradation; poverty; demographic upheavals and conflict; and securing equitable futures for all with a special focus on women and children.

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    • Discover Agroforestry
    A climate change atlas for Africa of tree species prioritized for forest landscape…

    Our Climate Change Atlas for African trees shows how alterations in environmental condi

    Read More
    The Resources for Tree Planting Platform

    The Resources for Tree Planting Platform explains how to go about sourcing good quality

    Read More
    Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to support tree research and development activities. Version 3.0
    Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to support tree…
    Suggested citation: Kindt R, John I, Dawson IK, Graudal L, Lillesø J-P B, Ordonez J, Jamnadass R. 2022. Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to…
    Read More

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    World Agroforestry works throughout the Global South with footprints in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Our activities span over 44 countries in six regions. Each office oversees, plans, coordinates and supports initiatives within their region, and maintains liaisons and partnerships with governments, development partners, learning institutions and civil society

    Region menu

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    Use dirt solution for carbon pollution, says expert
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Agroforestería con palma aceitera y almacenamiento de carbono: una alternativa a las plantaciones de monocultivo en Brasil
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Date
09 Sep 2022
Author
Lorena Tabosa

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Caption: Sistema agroforestal con palma aceitera, cacao y açai en la Amazonía brasileña. Foto: ICRAF/Martin Meier
Sistema agroforestal con palma aceitera, cacao y açai en la Amazonía brasileña. Foto: ICRAF/Martin Meier

 

Investigadores de CIFOR-ICRAF en Brasil presentan el aprendizaje de unidades demostrativas en la región amazónica.

Los sistemas agroforestales parecen ser una alternativa satisfactoria a las plantaciones monoculturales de palma aceitera en Brasil. Las investigaciones realizadas por científicos de CIFOR-ICRAF junto con investigadores de la Universidad de Wageningen, la Empresa Brasileña de Investigación Agrícola (EMBRAPA), la Organización de Cooperativas Agroecológicas (OCA) y la Universidad Federal de Viçosa (UFV) demuestran el potencial de las plantaciones diversificadas para aumentar la resiliencia de los sistemas, potenciar los beneficios ambientales y reducir los riesgos para los agricultores.

Las investigaciones se presentaron en el 5º Congreso Mundial de Agroforestería: Transición hacia un mundo viable, celebrado en la ciudad de Québec (Canadá), y en formato digital, del 12 al 22 de julio de 2022.

Uno de los estudios se centró en los resultados iniciales de las unidades demostrativas de agroforestería de palma aceitera codiseñadas y establecidas en 2017/2018 en Tomé-Açu, estado de Pará, en la Amazonía oriental brasileña, en asociación con Natura.

A nivel mundial, el aceite de palma se produce principalmente en plantaciones de monocultivo, que pueden ser muy productivas pero que también están asociadas a impactos socioambientales negativos. Sobre la base de un enfoque de investigación-acción, la agroforestería de palma aceitera se puso a prueba a pequeña escala en ocho fincas de pequeños agricultores de Brasil, con un total de 30 hectáreas. El estudio pretendía evaluar la viabilidad social, financiera y medioambiental de la agroforestería de palma aceitera con el fin de presentar vías para su aplicación a mayor escala.

También se evaluó la viabilidad financiera de siete unidades demostrativas mediante AMAZONSAF, una herramienta basada en Excel que permite analizar el flujo de caja y realizar proyecciones financieras para 25 años. Los indicadores socioambientales se evaluaron mediante otra herramienta participativa llamada PLANTSAFS.

Los sistemas agroforestales de palma aceitera obtuvieron buenos resultados en los indicadores financieros básicos (Valor Actual Neto, Retorno de la Inversión, Relación Beneficio/Costo, Tasa Interna de Retorno y Retorno de la Mano de Obra), con valores comparables o superiores a los sistemas monoculturales convencionales, lo que sugiere su viabilidad financiera.

Del mismo modo, los indicadores ecológicos (diversidad y abundancia de especies) sugieren un alto grado de diversidad funcional y de especies, aunque los resultados varían mucho según el sistema. En general, la adopción y la satisfacción de los agricultores también se consideraron elevadas.

Desafíos en las políticas públicas de agroforestería

Los investigadores de CIFOR-ICRAF también estudiaron los mecanismos legales relacionados con la agroforestería y la restauración en el bosque atlántico brasileño y los biomas amazónicos. Martin Meier (CIFOR-ICRAF Brasil y OCA), Saulo de Souza, Jimi Amaral, Henrique Marques y Andrew Miccolis (CIFOR-ICRAF Brasil), junto con Heitor Mancini Teixeira (Instituto Copérnico de Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Utrecht), demostraron que, aunque Brasil contaba con varias leyes y decretos que daban un apoyo legal sustancial a la mejora de la conservación de los bosques y la restauración de las tierras degradadas, faltaban políticas públicas para aplicar las medidas.

Otro estudio demostró que los sistemas agroforestales son una estrategia prometedora en Brasil. Están incentivados por la normativa legal, con el potencial de mantener las funciones ecológicas a la vez que sirven como fuentes de ingresos para los agricultores.

Ambos estudios tenían en común la conclusión de que los sistemas agroforestales pueden proporcionar los medios para abordar simultáneamente la mitigación del cambio climático y la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. La agroforestería de la palma aceitera parecía muy atractiva para los agricultores familiares siempre que se aplicara con flexibilidad y con la participación de los agricultores en el proceso de diseño.

Proyectos de carbono en la agroforestería

Al abordar la mitigación del cambio climático y la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, los sistemas agroforestales también ocupan un lugar destacado en el almacenamiento de carbono. Los mercados voluntarios de carbono en la categoría de silvicultura y uso de la tierra han alcanzado nuevos récords de volumen comercializado en los últimos años. Sin embargo, siguen existiendo algunos problemas que impiden un éxito duradero. Los bajos precios de los créditos de carbono, la reducción y los costos de transacción han obstaculizado el desarrollo de proyectos de carbono, especialmente con los pequeños agricultores.

En Brasil, los proyectos de carbono parecen tener el potencial de hacer viable y sostenible el comercio de carbono de las pequeñas fincas mediante la aplicación de principios agroecológicos. Se observó que los pequeños agricultores podrían estar dispuestos a participar en proyectos de carbono si sus necesidades se vieran satisfechas por los beneficios colaterales, ya sea como un mejor acceso al agua y a los alimentos o a través de rendimientos económicos directos o indirectos, que podrían compensar los costos de oportunidad. El aumento del número de agricultores participantes podría reducir los costos fijos de los proyectos de carbono.

“En cuanto al carbono del suelo, es importante señalar que solo las prácticas de gestión a largo plazo tienen influencia sobre este atributo del suelo, sobre todo si se dirigen a mayores profundidades del suelo", anotaron Martin Meier, Saulo de Souza, Jimi Amaral, Henrique Marques, Andrew Miccolis (CIFOR-ICRAF Brasil) y Gustavo Veloso Lucas de Carvalho Gomes (Universidad Federal de Viçosa).

El trabajo tuvo como objetivo dilucidar la variabilidad del suelo en relación con el carbono del suelo en los sistemas agroforestales recientemente implementados, utilizando los valores regionales observados en el proyecto Radar en la Amazonía (RADAM Brasil) en la Amazonía nordeste. El carbono orgánico (CO) analizado en las áreas agroforestales se comparó con los valores medios de todos los resultados obtenidos en RADAM. Las profundidades del suelo analizadas fueron 0-20 cm y 20-40 cm. Los resultados mostraron que el porcentaje de CO era un 38% mayor en ambas profundidades en los sistemas agroforestales en comparación con los resultados medios de RADAM en los suelos del Estado de Pará.

Los sistemas agroforestales tienen el potencial de mantener las funciones ecológicas y proporcionar otros servicios, como la generación de ingresos y la seguridad alimentaria. Si a esto le añadimos los prometedores resultados en cuanto al almacenamiento de carbono, vemos que la agroforestería también se está consolidando como estrategia para mejorar el carbono del suelo mediante una gestión correcta y sostenible.

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